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The main elements of the Louisiana economy are: the production of minerals, particularly oil and natural gas, but also sulphur, lime, salt and lignite; petroleum refining; chemical and petrochemical manufacturing; tourism; forestry; pulp, plywood and papermaking; agriculture and foodprocessing; commercial fishing; shipping and international trade; shipbuilding, and general manufacturing. Manufacturing
The leading industries in value added by manufacture are chemicals and
allied products, petroleum products, and food and food products. The
worldwide oil glut of the mid-1980s was very damaging to Louisiana's
economy causing not only high unemployment in the petroleum industry
but also markedly reduced state revenues from petroleum taxes. The
leading centers for manufacturing in Louisiana are the largest urban
hubs, particularly New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Shreveport. The
state's leading manufactured or processed products, in addition to
those based on petroleum, coal, and natural gas, include salt, drugs,
fertilizers, processed rice, and sugar.
State personal income (1988): $54.2
billion; rank: 23d. Per capita income (1988): $12,193.
Nonagricultural labor distribution (1988): manufacturing--170,000
persons; wholesale and retail trade--360,000; government--314,000;
services--327,000; transportation and public utilities--107,000;
finance, insurance, and real estate--83,000; construction--84,000.
Agriculture: income (1988)--$1.9 billion. Fishing: value (1986)--$317
million. Forestry: sawtimber volume (1987)-- 70.7 billion board feet.
Mining: value, nonfuels only (1987)--$4247 million. Manufacturing:
value added (1987)--$16.5 billion. Services: value (1987)--$13.6
billion.
Louisiana generates almost all its power from hydrocarbons (petroleum and
natural gas) extracted from within the state. There is a small
nuclear-power capacity. In 1985, Louisiana's electric utilities
produced approximately 44.3 billion kW h.
Until World War II, Louisiana was basically an agricultural state. Since then,
although agriculture remains a significant factor in the economy, the number of
farms in operation has greatly decreased. The number of farms increased
markedly, however, whereas small farms nearly vanished. Major agricultural commodities
include soybeans, sugar and sugarcane, rice, and cotton, along with dairy products,
cattle, and calves. Specialty crops include hot peppers grown on Avery Island, which
are made into Tabasco sauce, and the world's supply of pungent perique tobacco. By
the 1930s the virgin forests had been depleted and the landscape scarred. Although the
huge cypress and hardwood stands of the past are gone, Louisiana's climate has allowed
the reforestation of rapid-growing pines to take place.
Tourism is a major Louisiana industry employing over 87,000 workers. Travelers spend an estimated $5.2 billion in the state each year. Major tourist attractions include the New Orleans French Quarter, the Cajun Country, antebellum plantation homes, Jazz, distinctive food, deep sea and freshwater fishing, hunting, the Mardi Gras and more than 100 other festivals, swampland tours, hiking and camping, canoeing and Mississippi River boat rides. Tourist traffic to Louisiana is served by a number of
airlines, four interstate highways, and state and federal roadways.
Tourism is generally focused on the metropolitan centers, with New
Orleans most important. The city attracts large numbers of Mardi Gras
visitors. The Acadian, or Cajun, country of the southwest is also a
popular tourist area.
Several thousand miles of railway track cross the state, serving primarily to move
freight. Approximately 300 airports serve Louisianans. The highway and road
network is extensive.
Louisiana contains just under 10 percent of all known U.S. oil reserves and is the country's third largest producer of petroleum. Its reserves of natural gas are even larger and it produces just over one-quarter of all U.S. supplies. Louisiana also has immense quantities of salt contained in huge underground formations, some of which are a mile across and up to 50,000 feet deep and produce almost 100 percent pure rock salt. The first sulphur mined in America came from Louisiana and the state is still a principal producer of the mineral. Petroleum Refining Louisiana petroleum refineries produce enough gasoline annually (15 billion gallons) to fill up 800 million automobile gas tanks, making the state the third leading refiner. The state's 16 refineries include one of the four largest in the Western Hemisphere and among the companies with Louisiana production facilities are Exxon, Shell, Citgo. Mobil, Marathon, Conoco, BP and STAR. In addition to producing gasoline, Louisiana refineries also produce jet fuels, lubricants and some 600 other petroleum products. Chemicals And Petrochemicals Louisiana ranks second in the nation in the primary production of petrochemicals. More than 100 major chemical plants are located in the state producing a variety of "building block" chemicals, fertilizers and plastics, plus the feedstocks for a wide array of other products. Synthetic rubber was first developed and produced commercially in Louisiana as were a number of other petroleum-related products. Shipbuilding Louisiana shipyards build every kind of seagoing vessel from giant cryogenic ships used to transport liquified natural gas to some of the largest offshore oil and gas exploration rigs in the world. They also build merchant vessels, Coast Guard cutters, barges, tugs, supply boats, fishing vessels, pleasure craft and river patrol boats. The largest industrial employer in the state is Avondale Shipyards on the Mississippi River near New Orleans where vessels are sometimes built upside down and ships are launched sideways into the river rather than stern first as is the custom elsewhere. Forestry And Forest Products Louisiana has more than 13.9 million acres of forests, including pine, oak, gum and cypress. Approximately one billion board feet of timber and 3.6 million cords of pulpwood are cut annually to support a variety of forest-related industries including Kraft paper and fine-paper mills, plywood and particle board plants, furniture and flooring manufacturers, pulp mills, liner board and container board factories and paper bag plants. Agriculture And Food Processing Louisiana is among the top 10 states in the production of sugar cane (2nd), sweet potatoes (2nd), rice (3rd) and cotton (5th). It is also a major producer of beef cattle. Louisiana is the sole source of the Tabasco pepper prized as a condiment around the world and is also the sole source of perique tobacco which is widely used as flavoring with other tobaccos. The state's huge agricultural production supports more than a dozen rice mills, seven sugar refineries plus nearly two dozen other sugar-related facilities, and a number of canning plants, cotton gins and meat packaging plants. Commercial Fishing Louisiana's commercial fishing industry catches about 25 percent of all the seafood landed in America and holds the record for the largest catch ever landed in a single year, 1.9 billion pounds. The state is the largest producer of shrimp and oysters in the U.S. Louisiana waters also yield menhaden, crab, butterfish, drum, red snapper, tuna and tile fish as well as a variety of game fish, including tarpon. The state's freshwater fishery is considered the most diversified in the U.S., and, in addition to fish, its commercial ponds and the Atchafalaya River Basin swamp produce millions of pounds of crawfish annually. Shipping And International Commerce Louisiana was originally purchased from France in order to secure the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans for the safe movement of the goods and produce of the fledgling United States. Today, it remains a major avenue for the import and export of goods. The state's five major ports handle roughly 400 million short tons of cargo a year, including more than 40 percent of all the grain exported from the U.S. More than 25 percent of the nation's waterborne exports pass through Louisiana, and its Superport is the only facility in the U.S. capable of handling ultra deep draft vessels drawing 100 feet of water. More than 5,000 ocean-going ships call at Louisiana ports each year along with a seemingly endless stream of barge tows, some of which carry more than 40,000 tons of cargo, more than many seagoing ships. And more than 185 years after its purchase from Napoleon, Louisiana remains a center for foreign investment with some 200 foreign companies having almost $16 billion invested in the state, the largest amount of foreign investment in any southeastern state and ninth largest among all states. General Manufacturing In addition to its resource-based industries, Louisiana also has a diverse general manufacturing base. Louisiana produces business telephone systems, assembles light trucks, manufactures electrical equipment, manufactures pharmaceuticals, glass products and automobile batteries, as well as specialized vehicles for traveling over marshes, maritime ranging equipment to let boats know where they are at sea, makes playground equipment, mobile homes, yachts, clothing and weapons, plus several hundred other products. Aerospace/Aviation While Martin Marietta employs more than 2500 workers in New Orleans to construct the external fuel tanks for NASA's space shuttle program, it is not Louisiana's only link to the nation's space program. NASA also operates an aerospace computer services center in Slidell. The state also has an emerging aviation services sector. The Boeing Corporation operates a major, aviation maintenance facility in Lake Charles which employs some 2,000 workers to repair and refit jet aircraft, while Collins Defense Communications, a division of Rockwell International, operates an aircraft modification center in Shreveport. Biotechnical Louisiana excels in the three most promising areas of biotechnological research and development - bioprocess, recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibody technology. Scientists at Louisiana State University were the first in the world to bring about the successful birth of a calf from one quarter of a transplanted embryo. Louisiana's growing role in the world of biotechnological research is augmented by the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, a world-class facility in Baton Rouge which specializes in the study of the role of nutrition in health. Film Idustry Louisiana's film history dates back to a 1908 production on "Faust." Last year (1994), production revenues from feature films, television, commercials and music videos produced in the state totaled more than $37 million. Recent feature films shot here include Interview with the Vampire, The Pelican Brief, and Heaven's Prisoners. The Louisiana Film Commission offers a variety of services to both in-state and out-of-state production companies. Bibliography: ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND GOVERNMENT: Bolner, James, ed., Louisiana
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